Many fish will not breed successfully without specific requirements. These include:
A mix of male and female fish.
I know this sounds obvious, but some fish are not easy to sex. In species that
are difficult to sex, is best to start out with at least six young fish so that
you are certain of getting both males and females. Starting with many fish also
gives monogamous fish a chance to pick compatible mates. Sometimes if a single
male and female are introduced, they will not breed. Other fish, like livebearers,
killifish, and polygamous cichlids need more females that males so that females
are not harassed by amorous males.
Extremely clean water.
Most fish will not breed if there is any ammonia or nitrite present, and large
amounts of nitrate are toxic to baby fish. Some fish, especially tetras, must
be bred in a breeding tank that is bare and sterile so that their eggs do not
fungus. For more information about clean water, see the beginner FAQ.
A varied diet.
Fish that are producing eggs need better food that fish that are just living
in a community. Breeders call the process of specially feeding parents conditioning.
Conditioning foods include live foods, fresh frozen foods, or spirulina based
foods. Find out the specific requirements of the fish you intend to breed. If
you need information about live foods, see the live food FAQ.
The correct environment.
Fish that breed on substrates need proper substrates to breed on, like peat,
rocks, shells, or plants. Some fish are shy and require a lot of cover, caves,
or dim light. There are also fish that require a particular water chemistry
to breed. Examples are discus, which require very soft, acid water or African
cichlids which require very hard, alkaline water.
External cues.
Many tropical fish breed in the rainy season. When it rains, streams flood,
the water hardness drops, and there is thunder and lightning. Adventuresome
breeders with rainy season fish may try large water changes with distilled water,
watering cans to simulate rain, strong currents, and even flashing lights and
loud noises. Temperature changes may also stimulate spawning, as may changes
in the light/dark cycle.
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